What is a cavaletti and how is it used in early jumping training?

A cavaletti is a low jumping obstacle typically consisting of a single wooden or metal rail supported at each end by X-shaped supports that allow the height to be adjusted by rotating the supports — typically offering three height options of approximately eight, twelve, and eighteen inches depending on the orientation of the X supports. The cavaletti's modest, adjustable height and its simple construction make it a versatile tool for early jumping training that bridges the gap between ground poles and actual fences in ways that progressively develop the horse's coordination, rhythm, and the rider's position without the demands of a full-height jumping effort. At their lowest height, cavaletti function as raised ground poles that require only a small lifting effort from the horse's legs — enough to develop the awareness and adjustment that jumping requires without demanding the full jumping effort of a higher fence. At their middle height, cavaletti begin to require a modest jumping effort while remaining small enough that confident, rhythmic trotting over them is achievable even for horses just beginning their jumping education. At maximum height, cavaletti provide a small vertical fence experience in a context where the horse has developed confidence through the lower settings. Series of cavaletti — multiple cavaletti placed at trot distances in a row — develop the rhythm and sequential footfall adjustment that gymnastic grid work builds on, and the horse that can trot rhythmically through a series of cavaletti at each height has developed the fundamental coordination for more complex gymnastic exercises. For riders, cavaletti work develops the feel of the jumping position through multiple repetitions at very low intensity, allowing position refinement without the height-related anxiety that larger fences can produce and providing the platform for the automatic release and following hip to develop through repetition before height adds additional challenge.