Stream and river crossings are among the highest-risk moments in backcountry packing, and the decisions made before entering the water determine whether the crossing is routine or catastrophic. Mistakes at stream crossings have caused drownings, lost loads, and injured animals and riders throughout the history of backcountry travel.
Before crossing, read the water carefully. The ideal crossing point has a firm bottom without deep holes or boulders, a crossing angle that points somewhat downstream to avoid the full force of the current, banks on both sides that allow an easy entry and exit, and a width and depth appropriate for the animals in the string. When in doubt about depth, wade the crossing on foot before bringing animals through.
Pack animals should enter water calmly and be allowed to choose their own footing without being rushed. A horse or mule that is scrambling or panicking in the water is more likely to fall or lose its load than one that is moving steadily with its head low enough to see where it is stepping. If an animal in the string goes down, other animals behind it must be kept away from the downed animal and the situation addressed before continuing.