The Trail Horse Foundation
A truly safe trail horse has been desensitized systematically — not just exposed to everything and hoped for the best. Exposure without control and pressure release creates a horse that tolerates things until it doesn't. Systematic desensitization creates a horse that genuinely isn't bothered by new things.
The foundation: your horse should be fully solid in groundwork, yielding, backing, and desensitization before any trail work begins. A horse that doesn't respond reliably on the ground will not respond reliably when its adrenaline is up on the trail.